We conducted novel analyses regarding the association between continental racial ancestry, cognitive ability and socioeconomic outcomes across 6 datasets: states of Mexico, states of the United States, states of Brazil, departments of Colombia, sovereign nations and all units together. We conclude that the most parsimonious explanation for the current and past findings is a cross-country personality Similarities Hypothesis. In other words, the relationship between a country and an individual’s personality traits, however interesting, are small. Finally, the overall contribution to personality traits from countries was less than 2%. Second, within-country sex differences for the five personality traits showed similar patterns across countries. First, similarities across countries were observed for model fits for each of the five personality trait structures. We found support for this in three stages. We postulated that differences in personality traits between countries would be small, labelling this a Similarities Hypothesis. The instrument used was a comprehensive, open-source measure of the Five Factor Model (FFM) (IPIP-NEO-120). The present study extends this research by examining 30 personality traits in 22 countries, based on an online survey in English with large national samples (N Total= 130,602). Previous research has established reliable differences in personality traits across countries. In the current climate of migration and globalization, personality characteristics of individuals from different countries have received a growing interest. This study provides further evidence that country/culture mean scores in personality are replicable and can provide reliable information about personality dispositions. Nevertheless, a multidimensional scaling of similarities and differences in the mean profile shape showed a clear clustering into distinctive groups of countries or cultures. Mean differences in personality traits across countries and cultures were about 8.5 times smaller than differences between any two individuals randomly selected from these samples. As a follow-up, this study reports the mean scores of the NEO-PI-R/3 for 71,870 participants from 76 samples and 62 different countries or cultures and 37 different languages. The mean self-rated NEO-PI-R scores for 30 subscales have been reported for 36 countries or cultures in 2002. The Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and its latest version, the NEO-PI-3, were designed to measure 30 distinctive personality traits, which are grouped into Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness domains. The following research summarizes the results of the major comparative studies that have measured country-level variation in personality traits using In order to study cultural variation at the psychological level, we need information about personality traits as well. However, intelligence captures only one dimension of psychological variation, among countries as well as among individuals. Scores in scholastic achievement tests such as the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) and Program for International Student Achievement (PISA) correlate so highly with IQ that they can be used as alternative measures of intelligence at the country level (Meisenberg and Lynn, 2011). It has been used successfully as an explanatory variable in studies of cultural values, and political failure (Voracek, 2013). Since the publication of the first compilation of " national IQs " by Lynn and Vanhanen (2001, 2002), intelligence has become increasingly important in comparative research at the country level. Possible reasons and remedies for this situation are discussed. The conclusion is that these measures have limited reliability and validity when used at the level of country averages. This article summarizes crosscountry research with measures of the Big Five personality dimensions. While country-level differences in psychometric intelligence and school achievement are used increasingly in cross-cultural research, far less is known about country-level differences in personality.
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